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USE OF
SINGLE-POINT RESISTANCE AND SP LOGGING IN GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Water is one
of the abundant and widely used natural resources available to man. Many
communities obtain the water they need from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs,
sometime using aqueduct or canals to bring water from distant surface sources.
Another source of water lies directly beneath most towns. This resource is
groundwater, the water that lies beneath the ground surface. The origin of
water is traced to the process of the hydrologic cycle. When rain falls on the
land surface as precipitation, more than half of the water returns rather
rapidly to the atmosphere by evaporation or transportation from plants. The
remainder either flows over the land surface as runoff to streams, rivers, and
lakes, or soaks into the ground by infiltration to form groundwater. Rivers
stream and lakes make up the surface occurrence while those that sink into the
ground make up subsurface occurrence called ground water.
Groundwater
is the water that lies beneath the ground surface, filling the pore spaces
between grains in bodies of sediment and clastic sedimentary rocks and filling
cracks crevices in all types of rocks (Plummer et al 1999). The subsurface zone
in which all rocks opening are filled with water is saturated zone. The upper
surface of the saturated zone is the water table. Groundwater is unfortunately
not evenly distributed everywhere. The distribution of ground water depends on
large extent upon the types and depth of occurrences (Oseji, 2010). Ground
water in its natural state tends to be relatively free of contaminants in most
areas. Because it is a widely used source of drinking water, the contamination
of groundwater can be a very serious problem (Plummer et al., 1999).
Groundwater can be contaminated by pesticides and herbicides (such as diazion,
atarzine DEA and 2, 4, D) applied to agricultural crops Can find their way into
groundwater when rain or irrigation water leaches the contaminants downward
into the soil; Liquid and solid wastes from septic tanlas, sewage plants and
animal. Feedlots and slaughterhouse may contain bacteria viruses, and parasite
that can contaminate groundwater.
Ground
exploitation sometime often result in failed and abortive borehole because of
lack of preliminary geophysical investigation required to map and locate
prolific zones within the aquifers (Atakpo et al., 2008). In order to avoid
such an occurrence and to increase the probability of drilling successful and
sustainable borehole, it becomes pertinent and economically wise to carry out
prior geophysical investigation. Borehole electrical resistivity and
spontaneous potential method is based on the variable resistance in surface
materials to the conduction of electrical current depending on materials to the
conduction of electrical current depending on variation in fluid content, density
and chemical composition of the composition (Paransis, 1986). Recently other
electrical geophysical method such as electro-magmatic induction (EM) and
ground penetrating radar (GPR) becomes increasingly popular.
1.1 Location of the Study Area
Otor-Jeremi
is the headquarters of Ughelli south local government area of delta state,
which came into existence on the 23rd of September, 1997 following the
splitting of the defunct ughelli local government area into two, north and
south local government areas. She lies between latitude 5o 58139. 011N and 5o
581 3011E and longitude 5o 301 5311N and 6o 011 04 511E. The local government
area is made of six major clans namely Ughievwen, Ewu, Olomu, Effurun-otor,
Okparabe and Arhavweren which make up the eleven wards of the local government
area.
Fig 1: Map
of Otor-Jeremi
1.2 Aims and Objective
The aim and
objective of this work are.
To determine
the lithology of the subsurface using spontaneous potential log.
To determine
or identify the aquifer, depths and thickness of the rock using spontaneous
potential log.
To determine
the quality of water based on total dissolved solids using single point
resistance log.
To determine
the portability of the water.
1.3 Scope of the Study
This
research work is limited to acquiring of field data using single point
resistance log to evaluation of the quality of water based on total dissolved
solid (TDS) and the lithology of the subsurface using spontaneous potential
log.
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