FACTORS THAT LEAD TO STUDENTS POOR PERFORMANCE IN PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS IN POST PRIMARY INSTITUTION
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FACTORS
THAT LEAD TO STUDENTS POOR PERFORMANCE IN PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS IN POST
PRIMARY INSTITUTION
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
There
is underlying complexity of the factors affecting the performance of students
in education attainment and this is what has prompted the current study.
Despite the complexity of factors influencing students’ achievement, a number
of studies are pointing to the evidence that institutional factors are
associated with academic performance though mainly in other subjects rather
than accounting. Accounting is one of the subjects needed by every individual
irrespective of the person’s profession. For any business to thrive, the
knowledge of accounting is necessary.
Accounting
is concerned with the acquisition of knowledge for recording, analyzing,
interpreting and summarizing the financial data of an organization or
enterprise (Ndinechi & Obidile, 2013). Unfortunately students’ performance
in the subject has not been encouraging especially at the post basic education
level (secondary schools). Post primary education level is the level between
the basic and tertiary level where systematic and organized education is
offered. It is believed that at this level of education, desired attitude,
skill and knowledge could be obtained by the recipients. Information gathered
from post primary school service commission (PPSSC), showed a decline in the
performance rate of students in accounting in external examination from 2013
-2015 as 40%, 36% and 32% respectively. Academic performance according to Eze,
Ezenwafor and Obidile (2016) is the outcome of students’ effort in
examinations. It was observed from the literature that students’ academic
performance is determined by a number of factors.
A
number of studies have been carried out to identify and analyse the numerous
factors that affect academic performance in various levels of educational
attainment. Their findings identified change of school, family break up,
teacher absence, parent illness and death of a family member, student’s
illness, learning disability caused by visual or hearing impairment and
student’s attitude towards learning as causes of poor academic performance
(Browny & Sunniya, 2002). Others include shortage of well-trained teachers,
inadequacy of teaching facilities, lack of funds to purchase necessary
equipment, poor quality textbooks, large classes, poorly motivated teachers,
lack of laboratories and libraries, poorly coordinated supervisory activities,
interference of the school system by the civil service, incessant transfers of
teachers and principals and automatic promotion of pupils (Vundla, 2012).
Mbugua, Kibet, Muthaa and Nkonke (2012) listed factors as under staffing,
inadequate teaching/learning materials, lack of motivation and poor attitude by
both teachers and students as factors influencing academic performance of
students.
Igwe
and Ikatule (2011) attributed poor academic performance of students to
deficiency in teaching method(s) used by teachers. According to Tshabalala and
Ncube (2013) lack of materials, bad teacher behavior, poor grounding in the
subject area at lower levels, poor teaching methods as well as fear of the
subject are factors affecting academic performance of students. Enu, Agyman and
Nkum (2015) listed the causes of academic performance to include inadequate
teaching and learning materials, method of instruction, teachers and students’
self-motivation. Specifically, in accounting, academic performances of students
are influenced by related factors such as negative attitude of students towards
accounting as a difficult subject, students’ academic aptitude, previous and
recent academic performances, insufficient effort and poor motivation (Atieh,
2013). Also teachers’ qualification and experience affect academic performance
of students in accounting (Omotayo, 2014).
According
to Okon (2002) poor application of teaching methods, lack of fund, inadequate
teaching experience, lack of teaching aids, lack of qualified teachers and
wrong methods of teaching could influence students’ interest in accounting.
Igberi (1999) mentioned unavailability of current text-books in accounting as
one of the causes of poor academic performance of students in accounting.
Corroborating, Ezeagba (2014) listed inadequate instructional materials and
ineffective/poor teaching method as causes of poor students’ academic
performance in accounting. Ward, Wilson and Ward (1994) attributed causes of
students’ poor academic performance in accounting to lack of study, inability
to apply the material covered, the speed of coverage of the material, the
method used by the instructor, among others. However most of these studies were
conducted in different environment rather than the environment of the present
study, hence the need to identify the factors influencing students’ academic
performance in principles of accounts in post primary institution in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Previous research
work on students’
success factors in
accounting, such as
Tailab (2013), Uyor and Gungornus
(2011) and Adeleke, Binyuomote and Adoyinka (2013), examined the two
extreme factors (students-related and
teachers-related) with
little or no consideration given
to the factor that brings the symbolism between teachers and students
(institutional factors). More so, although the high rate of students’ failure
in Accounting Education in Nigerian is clearly observable, to the best of our
knowledge, there are scanty empirical studies in Nigerian that have
examined factors responsible
for this poor
students’ performance.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
study sought to know the factors that lead to student poor performance in
principles of accounts in post primary institution. Specifically, the study
sought to;
i. examine the institutional factors that
affect students’ academic performance in accounts in post primary institution.
ii. identify parental social economic factors
affecting students’ academic performance in accounting subjects in post primary
institution.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. What are the institutional factors that
affect students’ academic performance in accounts in post primary institution?
ii. What are the parental social economic
factors affecting students’ academic performance in accounting subjects in post
primary institution?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
Ho1:
There are no institutional factors affecting students’ academic performance in
principles of accounts in post primary institution.
Ho2:
There are no parental social economic factors affecting students’ academic
performance in accounting subjects in post primary institution.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This
study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more
on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their
research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide
for other study.
1.7 Scope/Limitations of the Study
This
study is on factors that lead to students’ poor performance in principles of
accounts in post primary institution.
Limitations
of study
Financial
constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the
process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time
constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other
academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the
research work.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Students:
A student is primarily a person enrolled in a school or other educational
institution who attends classes in a course to attain the appropriate level of
mastery of a subject under the guidance of an instructor and who devotes time
outside class to do whatever activities the instructor assigns that are
necessary either for class preparation or to submit evidence of progress
towards that mastery.
Poor
performance of students: According to
Okoye (1982) poor academic performance in students or
candidates in a learning situation
refers to one who fails to attain a set
standard performance in a given evaluation exercise such as test,
examination or series of
continuous assessment.
Principles
of account: refers to the broad underlying concepts which guide accountant when
preparing financial statements.
Principles of accounting can also mean generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP).
Post
primary institution: The post-primary education sector comprises secondary,
vocational, community and comprehensive schools.
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