ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW,
PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL
PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE
COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953,
08168759420
GROWTH AND HERBAGE YIELD OF SEVEN
FORAGE LEGUMES IN THE RAIN FOREST ZONE OF NIGERIA
Abstract
A field
experiment was conducted for three months during the early growing season
(April – July) of 2014 at the Teaching and Research farm of the Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City. The objective was to evaluate the
performance of 7 herbaceous forage legumes in term of growth and herbage yield.
The seven forage legumes (Centrosema pascourum, Lablab purpureus (ILR I4612),
Lablab purpureus ((PI 1388013), Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria phaseoloides,
Stylosanthes hamata and Vigna unguiculata, were fitted into a Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) as treatments and replicated three times. The
variables measured at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after sowing (WAS) were soil cover
score (SCS), leaf fresh weight (LFW), stem fresh weight (SFW) , leaves: stems
ratio (L:S ratio) and fresh herbage yield (FHY) while HERBAGE re-growth (RG)
was evaluated at 8 and 12 weeks after sowing. The data collected were subjected
to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were separated with Least
Significant difference (LSD) method. Results reveal that all legumes increased
in growth at each interval of sampling. At 12 weeks after sowing, Mucuna
pruriens recorded the significantly tallest re-growth of 42.7 cm following
cutting at 8 weeks after sowing. This legume also furnished the significantly
(P<0.01) heaviest fresh herbage yield of 7.6 t ha-1. However it produced the
poorest leaves: stem ratio of 0.3 whereas Pueraria phaseoloides recorded the
best leaves: stem ratio of 1.4. Generally, the best three legumes were Mucuna
pruriens (7.5 t ha-1) > Lablab purpureus (ILRI 4612), (4.5 t ha-1) >
Lablab purpureus ((PI 1388013) (3.0 t ha-1). The poorest legumes were
Centrosema pascourum and Pueraria phaseoloides, which produced fresh herbage
yield of 0.3 t ha-1and 0.5 t ha-1, respectively. No forage legume was affected
by fungal disease although a mild defoliation by insect pest occurred. The good
growth and herbage yield exhibited makes these legumes favourable materials for
inclusion in the farming system of the rainforest zone of Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Forage
legumes are important in agricultural intensification (Tarawali et al., 2001)
because they provide herbage for livestock, grains for humans, green manure to
the soil, nitrogen to both companion and subsequent crops through legume
fallows. Increased usage of forage legumes in the tropics and sub-tropics is
inevitable because of limited supply and high cost of in-organic nitrogen
fertilizer including the serious protein deficiency problems among human and
animal populations (Hoveland, 1986). Forage legumes which are synonymously
referred to as cover crops are reputed to be the backbone of sustainable annual
cropping systems (Sullivan, 2012). Their use is very relevant in the humid
tropics where high rainfall rapidly depletes soil nutrients especially nitrogen.
They also replenish soil-organic matter content while suppressing weeds. Forage
legumes accumulated 144 kg ha-1 N, 18 kg ha-1 P and 140 kg ha-1 K after 4
months of re-growth (Muhr et al., 1999).
In an effort
to incorporate forge legumes into the local cropping system of different
regions, several screening trials were conducted. Examples are in semi-arid
Zimbabwe (Jingura et al., 2001), in the moist savannah of Ghana (Barnes, 1996),
in sub-humid Nigeria (Odunze et al., 2004), in highland Cameroun (Pamo and
Mubeteneh, 1995), in moist savanna of Nigeria (Abayomi et al., 2001) and in
sub-humid south-West Nigeria (Muhr et al., 1999).
Justification
for the Study
Research is
needed to ascertain which forage legumes are adapted to the humid rainforest region
of Nigeria. Moreover, it is apparent that no comprehensive evaluation of forage
legumes has been carried out in the humid rainforest of Nigeria. Furthermore,
it was reported that the performance of forage legume in terms of herbage and
crude protein yields is influenced by location (Muhr et al., 1999). The use of
forage legumes in the humid rainforest of Nigeria will increase because
commercial livestock production has increased in the region. There are now more
non-trypanotolerant breeds of beef cattle such as white Fulani, Zebu (ILCA,
1990) and trypanotolerant breeds such as Muturu and Ndama cattle in the region.
These animals require protein rich forage legume herbage to supplement their
feeding.
Consequently,
this research was carried out in the humid rainforest region of Edo State,
Nigeria with a specific objective,
Objective of
the Study
To evaluate
the performance of seven herbaceous forage legumes in terms of growth and
herbage yield.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you
will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account
below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3)
Payment Name (If you made a transfer)
(4)
Teller Number (If you made a direct deposit)
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW,
PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL
PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE
COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953,
08168759420
THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF COCOYAM
PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa Countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt, with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be to avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains sufficient for
planting of cocoyam. The study therefore seeks to examine and appraise the problems
and prospects of cocoyam production in our society, a case study of Ovia North
East Local Government Area.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Research questions
Purpose of the study
Significance of the study
Scope of the study
Limitation of the study
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Historical Literature review
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology
Research design
Population of the study
Research instrument
Data collection
Statistical techniques
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and interpretation
of result
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, conclusion and
recommendation
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Cocoyam (colocasia spp and xanthosoma
spp) is grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world
particularly in Africa for human nutrition, animal feed, and cash income for
both farmers and traders (Onwueme and Chales, 1994). Cocoyam is vegetative
propagated using the corms and to a lesser extent the cormels. As food for
human consumption, the nutritional value parts of cocoyam is primarily caloric
(Davis et al, 1992). The underground cormels provides easily digested starch;
and the leaves are nutritious spinach like vegetable, which give a lot of
minerals, vitamins and thiamine (Tambong et al, 1997).
There are two major types commonly
grown in Nigeria namely; colocasia spp and xanthosma spp. In Nigeria, it is
regarded as a major crop especially in X2 female headed household. Nigeria is
one of the largest producers of cocoyam in the world contributing about 40% of
total annual production okinpshectares of land out of the total arable land of
27,900.00 hectares under cocoyam production.
Cocoyam grows in association with
other food and tree crops a system mostly practiced by subsistence farmers in
Nigeria. The bulk of the production of cocoyam is in South East, Nigeria
(Enyinnia, 2001). Cocoyam is regarded as
a major food crop in Nigeria especially in female headed households. Nwabuzor
(2001) noted that cocoyam can be consumed in various forms when boiled, fried,
pounded or roasted. It can also be processed into chips (“achicha”) which has a
long shelf and provides food all year round especially during lean planting
season (Asadu, 2006). Cocoyam leaves are also used as vegetable for preparing
soup in various part of the world. There is a decline in the yields of cocoyam
on the past few years. As population pressure on land continues to increases, the
importance of cocoyam in ensuring household food security is given adequate
recognition even through the present yield are still below expectation. This
could be attributed to a lot of factors such as climate variation, drought,
poor cultural practices among cocoyam growers, pest and diseases infestation
(Ezenwu, 2010).
Despite the usefulness of cocoyam
corms and leaves in human nutrition, its production and processing in Nigeria
is faced with a lot of challenges. Some of these challenges are the alarming
rate of land degradation and lack of improved varieties for commercial cocoyam
and leaf production. Decreasing rainfall and poor soil have also been
identified as some of the challenges processing of cocoyam in Nigeria (Osagoe,
2006). Therefore, this study was carried out with the broad objective of
ascertaining strategies for improving cocoyam production and processing among
women farmers in Edo State, Nigeria.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In any human endeavour, there are
bound to be some obstacle or hindrance in any of achieving exception to this
general rule. Hence this research is designed to find out the problem and
prospects of cocoyam production in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo
State.
1.3
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main aim of the study is to
examine and appraise the problem and prospects of cocoyam production in our
society, a case study of Ovia North East Local Government Area.
To know the number of farmer producing cocoyam in the local government
area.
To know the type of production system.
Identifying problem of cocoyam production
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains enough stock raw
materials in period of short supply and anticipate price changes.
1.5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study is centred on planning of cocoyam
in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on cocoyam
production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full in this
study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from respondents
encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
This investigation had a very limited
for the study and they only limited time for the study and they only limited
the work.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on planting of
cocoyam in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on
cocoyam production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full
in this study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from
respondents encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cocoyam: Cocoyam are herbaceous
perennial plants belonging to the family araceae and are grown primarily of
their edible roots, although all parts of the plant are edible. Cocoyam that are
cultivated as food crops belong to either the genus colocasia or the genus
xanthosoma and are generally comprised of a large spherical corm (swollen
underground storage stem), from which a few large leaves emerge.
Problem: A problem is a road block in
a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a
resolution.
Prospect: A prospect is the
possibility that something fabulous will happen. After you graduate top of your
class at Harvard, for example, your job prospects look great.
Production: The process of making or
growing something for scale or use.
HOW
TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE,
print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy
our complete written material(s).
HOW
TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After
paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the
following information to
08068231953
or 08168759420
(1)
Your project topics
(2)
Email Address
(3)
Payment Name (If you made a transfer)
(4)
Teller Number (If you made a direct deposit)
We
will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK
ACCOUNTS
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 0046579864
Bank:
GTBank.
OR
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 2023350498
Bank:
UBA.
FOR
MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953
or 08168759420
AFFILIATE LINKS:
www.myeasyproject.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.net.ng
www.easyprojectsmaterials.net.ng
www.easyprojectsmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.projectmaterials.com.ng
www.googleprojectsng.blogspot.com
www.myprojectsng.blogspot.com.ng
www.projectmaterialsng.blogspot.com.ng
www.foreasyprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng\
www.mypostumes.blogspot.com.ng
www.myeasymaterials.blogspot.com.ng
www.eazyprojectsmaterial.blogspot.com.ng
www.easzprojectmaterial.blogspot.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
Comments
Post a Comment