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THE
IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA (2009-2014)
ABSTRACT
The
overall aim of this research work is to examine the impact of terrorism on
national economic development. Terrorism in whatever dimension poses threat and
insecurities to human existence in regards to which defenseless nations live in
perpetual fears and anxiety. Knowing fully well that Security is presently a
major challenge in Nigeria and Nigerians are killed on daily basis in their
numbers. Though the government claims to be on top of the situation but the
problem still persists. The study made
us of secondary source of data to obtain information for this research. The
findings of this research are that there is no united effort in order to curb
the menace of Boko Haram. It was recommended that there should be unity of
effort in all areas, beginning with unity of effort on the challenge of
counterterrorism itself, unifying strategic intelligence and operational
planning against terrorists across the foreign-domestic divide with a National
Counterterrorism Center, unifying the many participants in the counterterrorism
effort and their knowledge in a network-based information sharing system that
transcends traditional governmental boundaries.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
to the Study
The economic implications of the growing rate of
violence and terrorism in Nigeria can be measured from different perspectives.
The cost of destruction of property and national productivity are directly
affected while there are longer term of indirect cost in confronting and
curbing the menace. Not to be forgotten is the human cost, and that over 4,000
lives have been wasted terror attacks.The challenge of controlling violent
crimes and terrorism have really been very expensive. Security operations have
received the lion's share of the 2014 budget, based on estimates submitted by
the Federal Government yesterday. This is the third consecutive yearly budget
that gives the security sector the highest allocation.
Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala submitted the
N4.91 trillion appropriation bill to the two chambers of the National Assembly
in Abuja Out of the total budgeted sum, about N1.1 trillion, representing 27
percent, is for capital expenditure, while N2.43 trillion will go for recurrent
spending. The remaining amounts are for debt service, N712 billion; statutory
transfers, N399.7 billion; and Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Programme
(SURE-P), N268 billion. Government's expected revenue target is N3.73 trillion,
while the budget deficit stands at 1.9 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP), slightly up from that of the 2013 budget, which stood at 1.85 per cent.
Daily Trust obtained a breakdown of the budget,
showing recurrent allocations but no details of capital votes. A total of N845
billion was provided for recurrent and service-wide votes for the security
sector, which includes the Armed Forces, Police, National Security Adviser's
office, and the para-military services. This amount excludes the capital votes
for these agencies as those details appeared to be missing from the bill
submitted by Mrs Okonjo-Iweala. If the capital vote is put at 27 per cent of the
total for the security sector, then the security vote could hit about N1
trillion. This is about the same as the amounts received by the sector in two
previous budgets of 2012 and 2013.
Based on the estimates submitted by
the Finance Minister, recurrent allocation for Defence (including Army, Air
Force and Navy), is N306 billion; police formation and commands, N286 billion;
office of the National Security Adviser, N67 billion; Interior Ministry, N145
billion; and Police Affairs Ministry, N4.5 billion. Also part of the security
spending are provisions under 'service-wide votes' for Nigerian Army Quick
Response Group and arrears, N12 billion; and Operations-Internal for the Armed
Forces, N24 billion. In the recurrent budget, education got the next highest allocation
after security, with N373.4 billion. Others are Works, N28.5 billion; Petroleum
Resources, N55.7 billion; Science and Technology, N24 billion; Power, N3.9
billion; and Justice N19.4 billion. Information got N22.4 billion, Foreign
Affairs N46.5 billion, Agriculture N31.4 billion, Water Resources N7.7 billion,
and Youth Development N75.9 billion. Office of the Secretary to the Government
of the Federation is allocated N46.2 billion, Mines and Steel Development N10.6
billion, Lands and Housing N5.6 billion, Aviation N6 billion, and Finance
N216.4 billion Other allocations include the Presidency with N25 billion,
whereas the proposed National Dialogue will gulp N700 million, Stipends for
30,000 ex-militants is allocated N23.6 billion, with another N35.4 billion
allocated for transformed ex-militants.
The cost of tackling terrorism in Nigeria also
plunged us deeper into the mire of poverty and political destabilization, cankerworms
that are already eating up the nation’s vast capital and material resources. In
the bid of proffering a workable means by which they can be terminated. It is
saddening to know that the recent state of insecurity in the country is
happening at a time when most of the key industries in the country have become
moribund. What is even more saddening is that struggle against terror is
gradually affecting the transport and tourism industries which are key to
foreign exchange earners, tax revenue generators, business opportunities for
growing entrepreneurs and sources of employment.
Domestically, the fight against terrorism has caused
a clamp down on the popular “Okada” business in states like Adamawa, Borno and
Yobe, leading to the ban on the business in some parts of the these states.
Secondly, interstate travel for business and other activities has been grossly
affected. Indigenes of southern states of the country are becoming more afraid
to visit the north and vice versa.
Internationally, Nigerians are now being treated with
great suspicion. It is our opinion that the recent repatriation of some
Nigerians by the South African and British governments may not be unrelated to
events happening in Nigeria. To crown it all, foreigners are finding it hard to
visit Nigeria. A country once believed to be “Giant of Africa”, and one of the
most colourful countries in the world. The reason is not farfetched, no “Oyibo”
wants to be kidnapped, neither do they want to be caught in the middle of a
crossfire.
With the state of the nation now, one may not be
considered to be totally wrong to say that terrorism and violent crimes have
given Nigeria and Nigerians more bad labels in the last three years than
corruption has done in the 51 years of nationhood. While we may continue to
count the implications of the terrorism and violent crimes on our society and
our economy, it is also necessary for us to begin to plot a new vista for our
nation. True, failure of the government to act in ways that boost public
confidence on such issues have been demonstrating, coupled with that, our
system seems to be providing these destroyers of our society with more reasons
to perpetrate their dastardly acts – the high rate of corruption in high and
low places, the increase in unemployment among a majority of the nation’s
youth, mass illiteracy-cum-ignorance and the hypocrisy of some traditional,
political and religious leaders.
1.2 Statement
of the Research problem
Terrorism in whatever dimension poses
threat and insecurities to human existence in regards to which defenseless
nations live in perpetual fears and anxiety. Knowing full well that Security is
presently a major challenge in Nigeria and Nigerians are killed on daily basis
and in their numbers. Though the government claims to be on top of the
situation but the problem still persists. The effects of these acts of
terrorism are the threats they posed to national security, peace, unity and
development of the country. Incidences of terrorists’ activities have, by most
accounts, provoked electric mix of insecurity and threat to socio-economic
undertakings in recent time. Separating realities from emotions, economic
analysts hold a view that in the event of wanton destruction of lives and
property in any society, investments and other economic developments will
suffer.
The Economic Confidential takes a
critical look at the recent wave of terrorist activities in the country and the
trend they hold for its economy. Generally, analysts agree that terrorism has a
suppressive effect on an economy and study shows that it has actually never
done any good in any part of the world. In Nigeria for instance, it is
inadequate to mention terrorism in Nigeria without reference to the activities
of Boko Haram, a terrorist group which has taken responsibility for most of
attacks in some parts of the country.
The increase in terrorist activities
has, by most analysts’ ratings, complicated the Nigerian business climate and
made it investor-unfriendly. The impact of these nefarious activities on
Nigerian economy has been intense so much that terrorist activities of the
group have created a lot of distortions in the economic activities of the
northern region.
The direct implication of this
includes declining investor confidence and reductions in foreign direct
investment. With reference to the 2012 Doing Business Data of the 183 economies
sampled, Nigeria is ranked 133rd, maintaining the same ranking as that of 2011,
an indication that no significant improvement hastaken place because of
terrorist activities.
In the same manner, the World Bank
Investment Climate Assessment Report for the 2011 fiscal period indicates that
the Nigerian business environment in spite of the ongoing reforms, remain
hostile. According to the report, investors are losing 10 percent of their
revenue as a result of the hostile investment climate, poor quality
infrastructure, crime, insecurity and corruption. It is against this background
that the researcher intends to study the impact of terrorism on the Nigerian
economy with a view of proffering solution to the problem.
1.3
Research
Questions
The following are the research
questions:
i.
What
are the impacts of terrorism on the economic development of Nigeria?
ii.
What
are the relationship between security and economic development?
iii.
What
are the solutions to the problem of security as it affects the Nigerian
economy?
1.4
Research
objectives
The main
objective of this research is to study the impact of terrorism on the Nigerian
economy. Other specific objectives include:
i.
To
identify the impact of terrorism on the economic development of Nigeria.
ii.
To
identify the relationship between security and the economy development.
iii.
To
proffer solutions to the problem of security challenge and its impact on
economic development in Nigeria.
1.5
Hypothesis
of the study
The following are the research
hypothesis
H0: There is no significant adverse relationship
between terrorism and economic development
Hi: There is significant adverse relationship
between terrorism and economic development.
1.6
Significance
of the Study
This research work will be of great
importance to all the stakeholders involved, particularly in Nigeria. The study
will be of great important to policy makers, security officers, government and
the general public. The knowledge provided in this study will show the causes
of Boko Haram, their impact to the economy and how they can be tackled. It is
of the interest of the researcher that if this project will be strictly followed
it will be a solution to the problem of terrorism in Nigeria.
It will also be of immense relevance
to business men, entrepreneurs, companies, other business owners and managers
because it will guide them on how to locate their business in a place safe from
terrorist attack.
Also, this study would enlighten
governments, Lecturers/academicians, colleagues in the academic and users of
information and the public at large on the dangers of terrorism and how it can
be tackled.
Finally, this study would add to
existing notion and serves as useful preliminary materials for further study in
the area of the study.
1.7 Scope
and Limitation of the Study
The research aimed at studying the impact of terrorism
on the National economic development of Nigeria. The study will cover the
period of 2009- 2014. This period was chosen because it was the period when
terrorism attack was at its peak, most especially in 2014.
Most of time, research work are subject to certain
constraints which constitutes some difficulties to such studies. Some
limitations and problems were encountered on carrying out this study.
The problem of insufficient information is a major
limitation of this study. This is due to the fact that you cannot see Boko
Haram face to face talk more of getting information from them.
The information obtained from interviewing people
was limited because people are afraid to supply information regarding Boko
Haram. Adequate time prove to be a problem because of the other academics work.
Moreover for this kind of research there is need for enough time to carry out
the research.
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